Sykes–Picot Agreement
The Sykes–Picot Agreement /ˈsaɪks piˈkoʊ/ was a 1916 secret treaty between the United Kingdom and France,[1] with assent from the Russian Empire and Italy, to define their mutually agreed spheres of influence and control in an eventual partition of the Ottoman Empire. The agreement was based on the premise that the Triple Entente would succeed in defeating the Ottoman Empire during World War I and formed part of a series of secret agreements contemplating its partition. The primary negotiations leading to the agreement occurred between 23 November 1915 and 3 January 1916, on which date the British and French diplomats, Mark Sykes and François Georges-Picot, initialled an agreed memorandum.[2] The agreement was ratified by their respective governments on 9 and 16 May 1916.[3]
The agreement effectively divided the Ottoman provinces outside the Arabian Peninsula into areas of British and French control and influence. The British- and French-controlled countries were divided by the Sykes–Picot line.[4] The agreement allocated to Britain control of what is today southern Israel and Palestine, Jordan and southern Iraq, and an additional small area that included the ports of Haifa and Acre to allow access to the Mediterranean.[5][6][7] France got control of southeastern Turkey, northern Iraq, Syria and Lebanon.[7] As a result of the included Sazonov–Paléologue Agreement, Russia was to get Western Armenia in addition to Constantinople and the Turkish Straits already promised under the 1915 Constantinople Agreement.[7] Italy assented to the agreement in 1917 via the Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne and received southern Anatolia.[7] The Palestine region, with smaller boundaries than the later Mandatory Palestine, was to fall under an "international administration".
The agreement was initially used directly as the basis for the 1918 Anglo–French Modus Vivendi, which was an agreement for a framework for the Occupied Enemy Territory Administration in the Levant. More broadly it was to lead, indirectly, to the subsequent partitioning of the Ottoman Empire following Ottoman defeat in 1918. Shortly after the war, the French ceded Palestine and Mosul to the British. Mandates in the Levant and Mesopotamia were assigned at the April 1920 San Remo conference following the Sykes–Picot framework; the British Mandate for Palestine ran until 1948, the British Mandate for Mesopotamia was to be replaced by a similar treaty with Mandatory Iraq, and the French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon lasted until 1946. The Anatolian parts of the agreement were assigned by the August 1920 Treaty of Sèvres; however, these ambitions were thwarted by the 1919–23 Turkish War of Independence.
The agreement is seen by many as a turning point in Western and Arab relations. It negated the UK's promises to Arabs[8] regarding a national Arab homeland in the area of Greater Syria in exchange for supporting the British against the Ottoman Empire. The agreement, along with others, was exposed to the public by the Bolsheviks[9] in Moscow on 23 November 1917 and repeated in the British Guardian on November 26, 1917, such that "the British were embarrassed, the Arabs dismayed and the Turks delighted".[10][11][12] The agreement's legacy has continued to bolster mistrust among Arabs over present-day conflicts in the region.[13][14]
Top of Page Bottom of Page PermalinkFull Name: Dr. Benway daylight
on Saturday, January 4, 2020 – 03:18 pm
its long but for anyone who
its long but for anyone who wants to understand arab political perspectives a bit better the whole wiki page is very helpful
also adam curtis' fantastic 2004 documentary "the power of nightmares" which compares and contrasts the concurrent rise of neoconservatism in the USA and wahabism/fundamentalist islam in the middle east
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dTg4qnyUGxg
Top of Page Bottom of Page PermalinkFull Name: Dr. Benway daylight
on Saturday, January 4, 2020 – 03:23 pm
Sayyid Qutb
...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb
Top of Page Bottom of Page PermalinkFull Name: Briank Briank
on Saturday, January 4, 2020 – 03:45 pm
Daylight's becoming
Daylight's becoming radicalized. He's going to be the first Zoner to become an Isis militant.
Top of Page Bottom of Page PermalinkFull Name: Rasputin O'Leary Rasmataz
on Saturday, January 4, 2020 – 05:52 pm
Does this mean he won't be
Does this mean he won't be going to six's bar mitzvah ?
Top of Page Bottom of Page PermalinkFull Name: jeff JR
on Saturday, January 4, 2020 – 06:57 pm
Aloha. Hahaha
....Mahalo! Hahahahha
Top of Page Bottom of Page PermalinkFull Name: Hitchhiker awaiting "true call" Knotesau
on Saturday, January 4, 2020 – 07:01 pm
Top of Page Bottom of Page PermalinkFull Name: Briank Briank
on Saturday, January 4, 2020 – 07:12 pm
Trump is grabbing Teheran by
Trump is grabbing Teheran by the pussy. He's a badass.
Top of Page Bottom of Page PermalinkFull Name: Druba Noodler
on Sunday, January 5, 2020 – 05:11 pm
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953_Iranian_coup_d%27état?fbclid=IwAR0WiP7Mn15ks5nq5UVWkcaJfcJzqkasdGhGD6bq0zFcCCfXlO_qSY4yebA
The 1953 Iranian coup d'état, known in Iran as the 28 Mordad coup d'état (Persian: کودتای ۲۸ مرداد), was the overthrow of the democratically elected Prime MinisterMohammad Mosaddegh in favour of strengthening the monarchical rule of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi on 19 August 1953,[5] orchestrated by the United States (under the name TPAJAX Project[6] or "Operation Ajax") and the United Kingdom (under the name "Operation Boot").[7][8][9][10] It was the first covert action of the United States to overthrow a foreign government during peacetime.[11]
Mosaddegh had sought to audit the documents of the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company (AIOC), a British corporation (now part of BP) and to limit the company's control over Iranian oil reserves.[12] Upon the refusal of the AIOC to co-operate with the Iranian government, the parliament (Majlis) voted to nationalize Iran's oil industry and to expel foreign corporate representatives from the country.[13][14][15] After this vote, Britain instigated a worldwide boycott of Iranian oil to pressure Iran economically.[16] Initially, Britain mobilized its military to seize control of the British-built Abadan oil refinery, then the world's largest, but Prime Minister Clement Attlee opted instead to tighten the economic boycott[17] while using Iranian agents to undermine Mosaddegh's government.[18]:3 Judging Mosaddegh to be unreliable and fearing a Communist takeover in Iran, UK prime minister Winston Churchill and the Eisenhower administration decided to overthrow Iran's government, though the predecessor Truman administration had opposed a coup, fearing the precedent that Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) involvement would set.[18]:3 British intelligence officials' conclusions and the UK government's solicitations were instrumental in initiating and planning the coup, despite the fact that the U.S. government in 1952 had been considering unilateral action (without UK support) to assist the Mosaddegh government.[19][20][21]
Following the coup in 1953, a government under General Fazlollah Zahedi was formed which allowed Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the last Shah of Iran (Persian for an Iranian king),[22] to rule more firmly as monarch. He relied heavily on United States support to hold on to power.[13][14][15][23] According to the CIA's declassified documents and records, some of the most feared mobsters in Tehran were hired by the CIA to stage pro-Shah riots on 19 August.[24] Other CIA-paid men were brought into Tehran in buses and trucks, and took over the streets of the city.[25] Between 200[3] and 300[4] people were killed because of the conflict. Mosaddegh was arrested, tried and convicted of treason by the Shah's military court. On 21 December 1953, he was sentenced to three years in jail, then placed under house arrest for the remainder of his life.[26][27][28] Other Mosaddegh supporters were imprisoned, and several received the death penalty.[15] After the coup, the Shah continued his rule as monarch for the next 26 years[14][15] until he was overthrown in the Iranian Revolution in 1979.[14][15][18]
In August 2013, sixty years afterward, the U.S. government formally acknowledged the U.S. role in the coup by releasing a bulk of previously classified government documents that show it was in charge of both the planning and the execution of the coup, including the bribing of Iranian politicians, security and army high-ranking officials, as well as pro-coup propaganda.[29][30][31] The CIA is quoted acknowledging the coup was carried out "under CIA direction" and "as an act of U.S. foreign policy, conceived and approved at the highest levels of government".[32]
Top of Page Bottom of Page PermalinkFull Name: Druba Noodler
on Sunday, January 5, 2020 – 05:43 pm
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differences_between_Sunni,_Shia_and_Ibadi_...
Top of Page Bottom of Page PermalinkFull Name: 2 Room Shack Turtle
on Tuesday, January 7, 2020 – 11:47 am
>which compares and contrasts
>which compares and contrasts the concurrent rise of neoconservatism in the USA and wahabism/fundamentalist islam in the middle east<
cool..., will check later.